Mongolia
↔
China

Mongolia-China Bilateral Trade Analysis 2023

Complete trade statistics: $16.53B total volume •Mongolia surplus: $9.62B

Mongolia → China

$13.07B

Exports (2023)

China → Mongolia

$3.45B

Imports (2023)

Trade Balance

$9.62B

Surplus for Mongolia

Total Trade

$16.53B

Combined Volume

Trade Flow Visualization

Direct trade relationship between Mongolia and China. Green line shows exports from Mongolia, red line shows imports.

Detailed Product Trade Analysis

Comprehensive breakdown of trade flows by product category, revealing the specialized nature of the Mongolia-China commercial relationship and competitive positioning in global markets.

Mongolia → China Exports

$13.07B
2023 Total

Export Market Intelligence

Product Diversity:
Highly Diversified
Market Share:
63.5% top product
1Coal: bituminous, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated
$8.30B
63.5% of exports
2Copper ores and concentrates
$2.65B
20.2% of exports
3Iron ores and concentrates: non-agglomerated
$364.03M
2.8% of exports
4Oils: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude
$357.82M
2.7% of exports
5Hair: fine animal hair, not carded or combed, other than of kashmir (cashmere) goats
$187.39M
1.4% of exports
6Zinc ores and concentrates
$127.61M
1.0% of exports
7Nuts, edible: n.e.c. in heading no. 0801 and 0802, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled
$127.29M
1.0% of exports
8Fluorspar: containing by weight 97% or less of calcium fluoride
$126.25M
1.0% of exports
9Coal: (other than anthracite and bituminous), whether or not pulverised but not agglomerated
$116.48M
0.9% of exports
10Lignite: whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated, excluding jet
$103.68M
0.8% of exports

🎯 Strategic Export Focus

Mongolia's export portfolio to China demonstrates strong diversification across multiple sectors, with coal: bituminous, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated representing a key competitive advantage in this bilateral market.

China → Mongolia Imports

$3.45B
2023 Total

Import Dependency Profile

Supply Diversity:
Well Diversified
Critical Imports:
4.4% concentration
1Tractors: road, for semi-trailers
$151.86M
4.4% of imports
2Trailers and semi-trailers: (other than tanker type)
$136.99M
4.0% of imports
3Electrical energy
$132.12M
3.8% of imports
4Iron or steel: structures and parts thereof, n.e.c. in heading 7308
$122.53M
3.5% of imports
5Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, not crude: preparations n.e.c. containing by weight 70% or more of petroleum oils or oils from bituminous minerals: these being the basic constituents of the preparations: waste oils
$110.44M
3.2% of imports
6Vehicles: dumpers, designed for off-highway use, for transport of goods
$103.77M
3.0% of imports
7Iron or non-alloy steel: bars and rods, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or hot-extruded, containing indentations, ribs, grooves or other deformations produced during the rolling process or twisted after rolling
$95.09M
2.8% of imports
8Mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders: with a 360 degree revolving super structure
$57.94M
1.7% of imports
9Machines, for sorting, screening, separating, washing, crushing etc mineral substances, for agglomerating, shaping or moulding solid fuels, ceramic pastes etc, for forming foundry moulds of sand: parts
$53.67M
1.6% of imports
10Electric accumulators: lithium-ion, including separators, whether or not rectangular (including square)
$52.28M
1.5% of imports

📦 Import Strategy Analysis

Mongolia's import pattern from China reveals significant dependencyin tractors: road, for semi-trailers, highlighting complementary economic structures and potential supply chain optimization opportunities.

Competitive Trade Position Analysis

🏆

Market Leadership

Mongolia demonstrates competitive strength in exportingcoal: bituminous, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated to China, leveraging comparative advantages.

Export Leader in 20+ Categories
🔄

Trade Complementarity

The bilateral relationship showsmoderatecomplementarity, with each country specializing in different sectors.

Specialized Exchange
📈

Growth Potential

The $16.53B trade volume indicates substantial economic integration with room for expansion in emerging sectors.

Major Partnership

Executive Summary: Mongolia-China Trade Relationship

Key Trade Highlights 2023

  • Total Trade Volume: $16.53 billionrepresenting a significant bilateral economic relationship
  • Trade Balance: Mongolia maintains a surplus of $9.62 billion
  • Export Focus: Mongolia's primary exports include coal: bituminous, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated, copper ores and concentrates, iron ores and concentrates: non-agglomerated
  • Import Dependencies: Key imports from China include tractors: road, for semi-trailers, trailers and semi-trailers: (other than tanker type), electrical energy

Strategic Trade Indicators

Trade IntensityHigh
Export DiversificationDiversified
Trade Balance HealthImbalanced

📈 Market Position: This bilateral trade relationship represents a significant global trade partnerships, with complementary economic strengths driving sustained commercial exchange.

Historical Trade Analysis & Economic Context

Trade Evolution Timeline

2019-2023: Recent Trends

Current trade volume of $16.53B represents the culmination of evolving bilateral commercial relationships, influenced by global supply chain shifts and changing economic priorities.

2015-2019: Growth Period

Sustained expansion in bilateral trade driven by complementary economic structures, with Mongolia leveraging its comparative advantages in coal: bituminous, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated.

2010-2015: Foundation Building

Establishment of modern trade frameworks and reduction of barriers, facilitating increased commercial exchange and investment flows between the two economies.

Pre-2010: Early Development

Initial stages of bilateral trade relationship development, with focus on traditional export-import patterns and gradual market integration.

Key Economic Drivers

1

Comparative Advantage

Mongolia's specialization in coal: bituminous, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomeratedcomplements China's demand patterns, creating natural trade synergies.

2

Supply Chain Integration

Deep integration in global value chains has strengthened bilateral linkages, particularly in tractors: road, for semi-trailers.

3

Market Access & Trade Policy

Favorable trade agreements and market access conditions have facilitated the growth of this $16.53B bilateral relationship.

Trade Pattern Insights

Trade ComplementarityAsymmetric
Seasonal VariationsModerate
Product ConcentrationLow
Market DependencyHigh
🔮

Trade Relationship Outlook

The $16.53B bilateral trade volume positions this relationship for continued growth, supported by technological advancement, evolving consumer preferences, and strengthening economic ties. Key opportunities lie in expanding cooperation in emerging sectors while managing potential supply chain vulnerabilities.

Economic Impact & Strategic Outlook

Economic Impact Assessment

💰

Trade Volume Impact

The $16.53 billion bilateral trade volume represents a significant economic factorfor both economies.

Economic Significance: High
🏭

Industrial Integration

Trade flows in coal: bituminous, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated and tractors: road, for semi-trailers demonstrate deep industrial linkages and supply chain integration.

Supply Chain Integration: Diversified
⚖️

Trade Balance Effects

Mongolia's trade surplus of $9.62 billion strengthens its overall economic position in this bilateral relationship.

Balance Impact: Export Advantage

Strategic Future Outlook

🚀Growth Opportunities

Emerging Sectors
Technology transfer and innovation cooperation in copper ores and concentrates present expansion opportunities.
Market Diversification
Beyond current focus on tractors: road, for semi-trailers, new product categories offer potential for trade expansion.

⚠️Risk Factors

Supply Chain Vulnerabilities
High trade imbalance may create supply chain risks
Market Competition
Global competition in coal: bituminous, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated may affect future market positioning.

🎯Strategic Recommendations

  • Strengthen cooperation in high-value sectors beyond current trade patterns
  • Develop alternative supply chains to reduce dependency risks
  • Explore joint ventures in emerging technology sectors
  • Enhance trade facilitation and reduce transaction costs

Market Position & Competitive Summary

The bilateral trade relationship between Mongolia and China represents a total trade volume of $16.53 billion in 2023. This partnership demonstrates a favorable trade balance for Mongolia, with exports exceeding importsby $9.62 billion.

Export Strengths

Mongolia's exports to China total $13.07 billion, with competitive advantages in coal: bituminous, whether or not pulverised, but not agglomerated, representing $8.30B or63.5% of bilateral exports.

Import Dependencies

Imports from China amount to $3.45 billion, highlighting economic interdependence in tractors: road, for semi-trailers, with Tractors: road, for semi-trailers comprising4.4% of total imports.

The trade relationship reflects broader economic patterns and comparative advantages. The trade surplus indicates Mongolia's competitive position in this bilateral relationship. This partnership is characterized by complementary trade flows, with each country specializing in different product categories based on their respective economic strengths, industrial capabilities, and position in global value chains.

Download Bilateral Trade Data

Access detailed trade data between Mongolia and China in multiple formats.

Data Source: CEPII BACI (Base pour l'Analyse du Commerce International) • Last Updated: January 2025 • Coverage: 1995-2023